ok, my mdworker is back again with 100% cpu usage. Sigh...
I have used Activity Monitor now to find the open files by this process and looked at all "suspicious" files that are open. What I found is that "AppDelete" (an application I use to clean up properly when removing applications) had one leftover file from "Mark Space Notebook" (an app I had removed some time ago). I manually deleted this.
Second, I found that my "Britannica 12.0 Ultimate Edition" which I have on my disk, has a Spotlight .mdimport file (which should tell Spotlight to index the Britannica content), but that one actually is a ppc executable, so I won't work on 10.9 and Intel CPUs, obviously. I removed that as well.
I killed the mdworker process, and so far it hasn't come back.
So, overall, I now believe that the single user reboot probably doesn't cure the problem, but you actually have to look for files that are open to the mdworker process and find the ones which may be "stuck" or prevent the process from finishing properly.
I'll keep an eye on it and have Activity Monitor with the CPU gauge in my dock now, so I can see when the problem is coming back, but I hope it's solved now.