Can using intel HD have a negative effect on my computer?

Restricting the machine to only using the Intel graphics should not harm it in anyway. I only use the discrete graphics chip on my late-2008 MBP very occasionally and use the integrated graphics probably about 99% of the time. My machine is over four years old now and still works perfectly - it has never had any hardware problems.

The Intel chipset should actually run cooler, which if anything, would be beneficial to the longevity of a computer.

If that allows you to live with the bad discrete GPU, I would say you need not worry about it at all.

P.S. the GPU service extension is a world wide program, so I don't understand why you could not get service in Russia?

https://support.apple.com/kb/TS4088

The recall that you have been told about is described here:

http://support.apple.com/kb/TS4088?viewlocale=ru_RU

It is a worldwide policy so any Russian AppleStore or Authorized Service Centre will repair the Mac under the terms of the recall. It does not matter where you bought it from, as long as it is still under 3 years ago.