I just switched to my new mid-2015 MBP 15", and had exactly the same problem trying to sync my iPhone 4S and iPad retina with the new MBP. The MBP would request that I grant permission on the iDevice, but the iDevice would just repeatedly ping/vibrate, without the "Trust this computer?" dialogue box coming up.
The same (non-Apple) USB/30-pin (pre-lightning) cable worked just fine with the few months older MBP 13", but I tried a new (Apple) cable. This worked with the iPhone.
Once the iPhone had sync'ed, I unplugged it and re-plugged it with the non-Apple USB/30-pin cable, and sure enough: the iPhone went back into the pinging frenzy.
Next, try the Apple cable with the iPad… Alas, the iPad continued the pinging frenzy, not even allowing me to "slide to unlock" and of course without the "Trust this computer?" dialogue box… So, I unplugged it, slid to unlock, and then plugged back in — noticing that several icons had the telltale grey outline with the central download-in-progress indicator. Presumably, the iPad had gone into updating apps in the background, and this had taxed it to a point that it wasn't able to put up that "Trust this computer?" dialogue box. So, I waited and about a minute later, the box did pop up; I tapped "Trust" and iTunes started sync'ing while at the same time one after another of the icons are going into the update-in-progress state. During this time, the double-arrow circle in iTunes indicating sync'ing keeps sowing down, then speeding up... Oh, and Photos kept popping up although there are no new pictures to download, so I unchecked the "Open Photos for this device" for the time being.
It seems that the iPad (first with retina screen) gets overwhelmed—in addition to requiring Apple's own cable.