I am experiencing the same problem. I was on vacation for six weeks with my computer powered down. On return, I am getting this message. The drive in question is a 3 TB Seagate Backup+ drive, connected via USB to one of the USB ports directly on the CPU. It was purchased from The Apple Store but out of warranty. It is a late 2012 Mac Mini, and I am running 10.9.2.
Disk Utility reports that it cannot verify or repair the partition because "Error: Partition map check failed because no slices were found."
However, it displays an available volume, "Seagate Backup Plus Drive," which passes "Verify Disk" with no errors. I use this volume as my Time Machine volume, and it appears to be doing backups with no problem, and backups appear to be visible.
So we have the curious situation that the system does not recognize the drive as having any file system on it, yet the file system that is or was formerly on that drive is visible, mounted, and not reporting errors.
Last login: Thu Jul 3 10:11:32 on console
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$ diskutil list
/dev/disk0
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *500.1 GB disk0
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_HFS Macintosh HD 499.2 GB disk0s2
3: Apple_Boot Recovery HD 650.0 MB disk0s3
/dev/disk1
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *3.0 TB disk1
1: Apple_HFS Seagate Backup Plus ... 3.0 TB disk1s1
/dev/disk2
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *250.1 GB disk2
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk2s1
2: Apple_HFS MiniStack 1 249.7 GB disk2s2
/dev/disk3
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: CD_partition_scheme *804.4 MB disk3
1: Apple_partition_scheme 700.4 MB disk3s0
2: Apple_partition_map 32.3 KB disk3s0s1
3: Apple_HFS 289.0 MB disk3s0s2
/dev/disk4
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *2.0 TB disk4
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk4s1
2: Apple_HFS WD Auxilliary Volume 1.4 TB disk4s2
3: Apple_HFS Bootable system on M... 548.7 GB disk4s3
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$ diskutil info disk1
Device Identifier: disk1
Device Node: /dev/disk1
Part of Whole: disk1
Device / Media Name: Seagate Backup+ Desk Mac Media
Volume Name: Not applicable (no file system)
Mounted: Not applicable (no file system)
File System: None
Content (IOContent): GUID_partition_scheme
OS Can Be Installed: No
Media Type: Generic
Protocol: USB
SMART Status: Not Supported
Total Size: 3.0 TB (3000592977920 Bytes) (exactly 5860533160 512-Byte-Units)
Volume Free Space: Not applicable (no file system)
Device Block Size: 4096 Bytes
Read-Only Media: No
Read-Only Volume: Not applicable (no file system)
Ejectable: Yes
Whole: Yes
Internal: No
OS 9 Drivers: No
Low Level Format: Not supported
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$ ls -l /volumes
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 38 root wheel 1360 Mar 11 21:00 Bootable system on MyBook
lrwxr-xr-x 1 root admin 1 Jul 3 10:11 Macintosh HD -> /
drwxrwxr-x 13 Dan staff 510 Nov 13 2013 MiniStack 1
drwxrwxr-x 24 Dan staff 884 May 8 07:37 Seagate Backup Plus Drive
drwxrwxr-x+ 21 Dan staff 782 May 8 07:37 WD Auxilliary Volume
daniel-smiths-mac-mini:~ Dan$