Hello Zach,
It sounds like you are getting this error message when connecting your phone after a recent update. I recommend the troubleshooting in the following article to help you get a resolution:
iTunes for Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8: Fix unexpected quits or launch issues
http://support.apple.com/kb/ts1717
Start with the first steps to test iTunes in Safe Mode, and if needed, there is additional troubleshooting therein.
Open iTunes in Safe Mode to isolate any interference from plug-ins or scripts not manufactured by Apple.
- Hold down Shift–Control while opening iTunes. You should see a dialog that says "iTunes is running in safe mode" before iTunes finishes starting up.
- Click Continue.
- See if the issue you're experiencing persists in Safe Mode.
If you have the same issue while iTunes is in Safe Mode, proceed to the "Create a new user account" section. If you don't experience the same issue, follow these steps to remove third-party plug-ins.
Thank you for using Apple Support Communities.
All the very best,
Sterling