Windows is not a great place to manage images. Neither is Linux.
In OSX there is an enormous number of ways to view files and see them in detail.
Just in Finder you can use CoverFlow, huge Thumbnail previews, Pop-up Previews, Column views and the Info panel. In Mavericks you can then Tag them or in any OSX use the Comments to create a metadata system or use a direct Metadata tool of which there are several free utilities.
Aperture is a beast of a management system as well. With Capture One and Lightroom as good alternatives.
If Mavericks and Pages 5 do not make the cut, I really don't see why you don't just back out and boot off another drive/system. I have several.
I am not sure why exactly you are linking spreadsheets to other files on your system, but if it is to index & charge FileMaker would be a much better system, or set up a webpage to act as a front end.
Peter