iCloud stores photos in two ways, provided they are enabled.
The first is the Photo Stream. Settings for Photo Stream may be found in Settings>Photos>Photos & Camera>My Photo Stream. Photo Stream will keep a record of your latest 1000 photos on all of your iOS devices. These will not be deleted from iCloud if you delete them from your camera roll, however, when if want to put them back on your camera roll, checking 1000 boxes and hitting 'save' could be tedious.
The second type of photo backup is what you are referring to. This is iCloud Backup. In Settings>iCloud>Storage & Backup>Manage Storage>yourbackup>Camera Roll: On. Note that if this is your first time backing up, you will not find yourbackup listed under "Manage Storage." If you have a backup of your camera roll in this way, it is there to stay, until the next time you back up. If you were to turn off iCloud Backup after you back up, in theory, the backup should also stay put. The only way to achieve getting these photos back, however, would be to do a complete restore from iCloud, which will leave your updated device with only what is included in the backup.
If you don't want to deal with either of these options, it would be best to listen to what pdroth is saying and back the photos up to a computer.