hi there,
if you can install software or apply Updates from Apple, your user account does have admin privileges.
Unfortunately benwiggy gave you a support link for older versions of OSX. With Mavericks the said menu entry is gone from the Utilities menu. Therefore an extra step is necessary to regain access to the program which allows you to change passwords without knowing them.
To do so, press the ALT key at system startup. You will be presented a choice of boot options. Select "Recovery 10.9" there, select "Terminal" from the "Utilities" menu and finally enter "Resetpassword" (without the quotation marks) at the terminal's prompt.
A new window will open where you can choose Administrator from the drop down menu. The Administrator will be the first entry in the menu and have the account short name in brackets next to it
There are two things to be cautious about here:
First, make sure you select "Administrator" and not "System Administrator" in the user selection menu. The later is the root account which is only needed if you want to make changes to the FreeBSD basis of OSX. Unless you have specifically enabled this root account, it is not active on your system and its password cannot be altered.
Or could it be that you are trying to change the root password without having activated the root account beforehand. In that case you would receive exactly the error message you are referring to
Second, I am currently not sure whether this way of password retrival is possible, if FileVault is active. See these articles from Apple's knowledge base for further information:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5077
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT4790