First of all, much thanks to all of you who helped here!
The biggest key in this puzzle was Simon's note that OS 9 needs a certain volume size in order to work. When thinking about it, it makes a lot of sense because we're talking about a very old operating system which was used during a time when OS's had serious restrictions on how it could be installed, etc.
Sorry if the following is a little long-winded, but I want to make clear what worked for anyone else who finds this thread because they're in a jam like I was.
So, I put my drive docks back where they were. No difference in booting the cloned OS 9. I never did re-work the master/slave relationships because I wanted to see if I could get this to work without touching that since I had a working OS 9 with "Cable Selects" only. (In addition, I found in my G4 manual that came with the machine that Apple recommends leaving these drives in Cable Select, for whatever that's worth.)
Then I used my MDD System Restore CD's. I learned, by the way, that you cannot use those CD's while booted in Tiger--it just doesn't function properly. It's a good thing I still had my Jaguar install (the original install that came with the machine) on another partition because that's what was needed to run the System Restore (though maybe it would've worked in Panther, I don't know).
More background info: I had a non-bootable OS 9 on that Jaguar volume ("Macintosh HD"). Somewhere along the line it just went kaput for some reason. I had the bootable OS 9 on the volume I've been speaking about in this thread (volume called "Lennon"), so I just left the Mac HD OS 9 be.
So, when I first ran System Restore while booted in Jaguar ("Macintosh HD"), the original, Apple-installed OS 9 System Folder was still there. After running System Restore, I
still had a non-bootable OS 9 on that drive! So I renamed that System Folder to "Previous System Folder" and ran System Restore again. It created a new System Folder that is bootable!
So, I booted in OS 9 from that volume, then copied (on the Finder level) that new System Folder over to my newly-created 10GB partition (called "Nesmith"). Finally, I have a bootable OS 9 on "Nesmith"!!
For giggles, I tried copying that fresh System Folder onto the cloned OS 9 drive, and sure enough it failed to boot, presumably because that volume's size is 222MB (greater than 190MB, as Simon pointed out).
I should point out that Simon said, "If you want the other drive partitions to be viewable under OS9, they'll also have to be < 190Gb." In my case, I had no problems seeing Volumes that were greater than 190GB while booted in OS 9. Your mileage may vary, however.
Unless anyone needs clarification on something (I tried to be thorough), the problem is solved! Thanks again to each of you for helping me out! This forum is awesome!