Here are the logs for the following problem apps (I found a few more):
Preview logs:
2014-07-10 10:53:44.925 PM Preview[13013]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 10:53:44.938 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.Preview.3552[13013]) Exited with code: 1
App Store logs:
2014-07-10 11:00:17.708 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.appstore.912[13113]) Exited with code: 1
Terminal logs:
2014-07-10 11:01:03.790 PM Terminal[13121]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:01:03.793 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.Terminal.7776[13121]) Exited with code: 1
Facetime logs:
2014-07-10 11:01:30.210 PM FaceTime[13143]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:01:30.285 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.FaceTime.25376[13143]) Exited with code: 1
QuickTime logs:
2014-07-10 11:01:59.332 PM QuickTime Player[13146]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:01:59.395 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.QuickTimePlayerX.3728[13146]) Exited with code: 1
Calendar logs:
2014-07-10 11:06:38.044 PM Calendar[13163]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
Chess logs:
2014-07-10 11:07:31.843 PM Chess[13168]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:07:31.907 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.Chess.1968[13168]) Exited with code: 1
Dictionary logs:
2014-07-10 11:07:49.690 PM Dictionary[13170]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:07:49.757 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.Dictionary.24672[13170]) Exited with code: 1
Image Capture logs:
2014-07-10 11:08:15.101 PM Image Capture[13176]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
iBooks logs*:
2014-07-10 11:09:03.705 PM xpcd[164]: restored permissions (100600 -> 100700) on /Users/[OMITTED]/Library/Containers/com.apple.iBooksX/Container.plist
2014-07-10 11:09:03.799 PM iBooks[13192]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:09:03.835 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.iBooksX.26784[13192]) Exited with code: 1
Maps logs:
2014-07-10 11:10:28.916 PM xpcd[164]: restored permissions (100600 -> 100700) on /Users/[OMITTED]/Library/Containers/com.apple.Maps/Container.plist
2014-07-10 11:10:31.058 PM Maps[13197]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:10:31.143 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.Maps.27840[13197]) Exited with code: 1
Messages logs:
2014-07-10 11:11:24.696 PM Messages[13204]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
Reminders logs:
2014-07-10 11:12:07.871 PM Reminders[13227]: Unable to load nib file: MainMenu, exiting
2014-07-10 11:12:07.879 PM com.apple.launchd.peruser.501[150]: (com.apple.reminders.41568[13227]) Exited with code: 1
It appears that the common culprit in all these failures is a missing "nib file" — I have no idea what that means so I'd appreciate tips on how to restore this file.
* I had done a Disk Utility verify/repair permissions and verify/repair disk, and there were a lot of repairs needed to be done on iBooks for some reason. I've never used this app.
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Diagnostics report — NO reports are available; in fact, I don't have a single one apart from an "adb" one, which relates to an Android thing I was doing (completely separate from this issue). I'm not sure why there are no diagnostics reports, but judging from the logs, I have a feeling the apps didn't actually crash as they couldn't even open.
Thanks.