Thanks for your help! Yes, I can insert the micro SD card into the SDXC slot using an adapter, and it reads just fine (i.e., I can download media off the card). If there is no other solution, at least I have this option.
The issue is that the GoPro used to mount just fine using a USB cable, and I didn't have to bother with taking the memory card out and putting it into an adapter every time I wanted to download media onto my computer. Once I changed the memory card, the GoPro won't mount directly. I changed back to the old card to see if that was the issue, but even with the old card, the GoPro won't mount directly anymore–I have to use the SD slot. So, it's not like the overall function is compromised, but it's a pain in the butt and frankly, if it worked once, I don't understand why it won't mount again. I thought I'd turn to the community to see if someone had a fix.
Formatting the card in the GoPro is a good suggestion, which is why I tried it ;-). The very first thing I did was format the SD card in the GoPro, and it wouldn't mount. Then, I took the SD card out and used my Macbook Pro to reformat it (FAT is required), loaded the folder setup from the previous SD card, put it back in the camera, and success! The GoPro mounted. Then I unmounted it, took a sample video (it recorded with no problems), and then tried to remount it. No luck. I took the card out, used the adapter and mounted it directly through the SDXC slot, and I could download the sample video. I left the video on the card, unmounted the SD, put it back in the GoPro, and tried to mount it directly using the USB cable. No luck. So, I can get my videos off the memory card, but I can't do it directly from the GoPro like I could in those happy, innocent days (earlier in the week).
So, apart from the real issue of me being lazy, the computer is being 'inconsistent' in recognizing this external device. I imagine that the issue could be with the GoPro, but because it mounted once (and used to mount regularly), I'm thinking there's something else going on... especially because even the old micro SD card won't mount in the GoPro anymore. If at all possible I'd like to not have to take out the memory card every time I want to download off the camera.