I second Redshrink's assessment that the list linked and pasted in the thread do not provide explanation for the random appearance of 50 GB of data. On top of that... maybe a fix?
First... the TLDR version, and what fixed it for me:
While syncing my phone (iPhone 6, iOS 8.1.1) to iTunes to update some playlists, my used storage literally jumped from 50 GB free to 10 GB over capacity before my eyes. "Other" went from 2.5 GB to almost 60 GB. After some frustration figuring out where all this data came from - I unplugged the phone, restarted it, restarted the computer, relaunched iTunes, and synced again - magically I was back to about 50 GB available as I was expecting and synched without problem.
Some more details in case they're useful:
Device: 128 GB iPhone 6, iOS 8.1.1 / iMac 27", Mac OS 10.10.1, iTunes 12.0.1
Synch settings: Music (selected playlists), Movies (selected playlists), TV Shows (selected playlists), Books (none selected), Podcasts (5 most recent of selected), Ringtones (all), photos (not enabled)
I can't provide exact steps to reproduce, however, I can tell you that between synchs I had downloaded music and movies to my phone directly from the iTunes store. When I was synching and the issue occurred, it seemed that for some reason it was attempting to duplicate the media on my phone from previous synchs (movies and music that were already on my phone were showing as "transferring" in the iTunes status.) Attempting to restore from backup told me that my phone had "insufficient storage". About should approx. 100 MB available. After restarting the phone (power off -> Power on), "About" said about 50 GB available. Plugging into iTunes still showed phone as over capacity. Restarting the computer then completely resolved the issue.