How to sync or backup System Preferences

I have an iMac with Yosemite now, but come from a Windows environment. In Windows 8 or higher, there is a profile sync feature included, which syncs every single System Preferences setting (such as keyboard layout, time zone, display settings, sharing settings, sound settings, power settings). It is synced over internet on the cloud (via the Microsoft account), and it means that when getting a new or second or third PC, all settings would be set within seconds or minutes after installing the OS.

I have now spent an hour to set my settings in System Preferences but am getting another Mac soon. How can these settings be replicated without me having to enter them manually. It "seems" that these profile settings are NOT part of iCloud (couldn't find any reference to it) and that you can't simply "back them up". Is this correct? Are there other ways?

When using Time Machine, do these settings get backed up and can they easily be restored to a DIFFERENT Mac, WITHOUT restoring anything else (so no files, documents or apps)?

So we're talking about copying System Preferences from one Mac to a different Mac (not on the same Mac).