Polushenie wrote:
A) how to recover these files for my Mac
The easiest answer would be if you had a backup of those files. If you don't, remember, any file that you don't have a backup of, regardless of where it's stored, is a file that WILL be lost eventually. It's just a matter of when.
Kurt's right on track regarding recovering them from the drive. That may be possible, depending on what malware caused the problem. The originals may just be in a hidden folder on that drive, or they may have been encrypted to prevent you from recovering them. Which is the case, we can't say.
C) what corrupted the files
That one's easy, this was the work of Windows malware. There's malware out there that is known to replace all the files on an external drive with .lnk files. Usually, the purpose is to spread the malware (when you connect the drive to another Windows machine and open one of the files, boom... that machine is infected too), though it could also be for the purpose of ransom. Any Windows computers you have connected that drive to may be infected. Fortunately, your Mac is not susceptible to this malware.