Q: Fake district court virus

As long as your phone has not been jailbroken, your phone can't be infected:

Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues

To make sure that the link is also deleted from your browser, go to Settings/Safari and tap on "Clear Cookies and Data"

This undoubtedly was malware, but it would have been Windows malware. It could not have affected your iPhone in any way.