What Mac mini has equivalent power (hardware wise) to a Macbook Pro i7 Core mid-2012 non retina laptop?

I suggest you look at the specs for Mac Minis with the i7 upgraded CPU - support.apple.com/specs. Or use the everyman.com site. Surely, you can look up this information yourself.

Given they all run at closely similar clock times I would expect similar or relatively close performance from either the i7 MBPs and i7 upgraded Minis from the same production periods. They both have similar hardware and similar CPUs. The upper-end MBPs, however, may have better GPUs - something you should check. Minis all use integrated graphics. MBPs of 2012 and on are all Retina models except for one 2012 MBP model. All 13" models use integrated graphics only. The 15" models all have an additional discrete GPU.

Current MBP's have faster disk subsystems (PCIe vs SATA) than current minis.

There is no 2013 Mac Min

Your MacBook seems to only have a dual-core I7 with integral Intel HD4000 gtaphics.

The 2012 Mac Mini i7 is a quad core with Intel HD 4000 graphics

The 2011 i7 Mini has a dual core the standard i7 Mini and a quad core for the sever model.

The 2102 i7 Mini may be faster than your MacBook unless the MacBook has an SSD. It depends upon what yo are running.

The 2011 Mini may be a little faster or slower depending upon the model 2011

If you order the current Mac Mini with an optional SSD it will use a PCIe connection.

B&H Photo/Video still has 2012 mac Mini Servers 2.3GHZ i7 Quad Core, dual 1 TB HDs. RAM and Hard Drives are upgradeable. 2014s are not upgradeable.

http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/897214-REG/Apple_md389ll_a_Mac_mini_Deskto p_Computer.html