What is the Apple equivalent of using Windows "control+F" to find something within a specific webpage or document?

Command-F

Safari -> help -> Shortcuts

Most commands in Windows that use the Ctrl key will be the same letter, only using the Command key. So it would be Command+F.

There's a fairly good list of common keyboard commands in the Help files, but there's a much more complete list here.

It's a bit funny Command+X (cut) is at the top of that list. While it works as you would expect when in an app, it doesn't work from the desktop to "cut" files and folders to another location. It wasn't until fairly recently that Apple added a way to do a cut for files/folders.

What you do is a Command+C (copy) keyboard command first, then highlight your destination folder. Command+V will paste the items into the new location, but then you'll have them in both locations. Instead, press Command+Option+V to make it a cut move. Apple made cut the second keystroke rather than the first. It's listed about three fourths of the way down under Finder shortcuts.

I mention this one in particular as a lot of Windows users wonder where to find the cut command for files/folders.