MacBook Pro 2011 Hangs on Boot

Hi, I have a 17" MacBook Pro (early 2011) that after years of working fine has suddenly encountered this issue where it'll randomly not boot up, then go back to working completely normally.

When it's failing to boot, I'll see the boot progress bar get about half way, then stop, at which point it'll begin to heat up a lot and will stay that way until forcing the computer off. It also won't be able to boot from Target Disk Mode, another hard drive or even into Apple Hardware Test. When booting into Apple Hardware Test, it'll get to the point where I enter my WiFi password, then soon after get the error: apple.com/support -5010D

At one point it successfully booted into Apple Hardware Test and after running a full scan, it reported no issues.

What would possibly cause these sorts of problems?