I doubt it's that simple - I don't understand why a powered USB hub port couldn't supply power to the USB-C via a USB-A to USB-C adapter cable in principal.
I think the real answer lies in the fact that USB can deliver different power profiles, not just the 5V that we commonly associate with USB.
I suspect the MacBook uses one of the 12V or 20V power profiles - see here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB#USB_Power_Delivery.
The Apple USB-C Power Adapter is rated at 29 Watts, if it were working at 5 Volts this would imply 29 Watts/5V = 6 Amps current, in excess of the 2.0Amp rating for 5V, from the page above.
This is my only explanation but I'd be grateful for a more informed view.