It depends on how you copied the photos to your MacBook Pro.
If you are using iCloud Photo Library on both your phone and your computer (on the phone this is at Settings > iCloud > Photos > iCloud Photo Library and on the Mac it is Apple Menu > System Preferences > iCloud > Photos Options > iCloud Photo Library), then all of your photos would be on both devices and if you delete them from either they will delete from both and from iCloud. You can reduce the storage required on your phone by turning on Optimize iPhone Storage on the same Settings screen on the phone that I described above.
If you transferred the photos to the MacBook Pro using the USB cable and the method described in Import photos and videos from your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch to your Mac or Windows PC - Apple Support then you can delete the photos on the phone without it deleting photos on the Mac.
If you transferred the photos to the MacBook Pro using Photo Stream, if the photos have been moved from the iCloud section to the Events section of iPhoto (either manually or because it is set to do that in iPhoto Preferences) then you can delete the photo from your phone.
To be safe, test what you are doing by taking a new photo that you don't care about, transfer it using whatever method you used, and delete it and observe what happens.