How to get a photo ON to my phone

Not sure exactly what you did in iTunes, but you won't see the photo in the folder in iTunes -- you select the folder on your computer using iTunes and then you Sync. The following may help: Sync photos from your computer to your iOS device using iTunes - Apple Support

Another method is via a 3rd party app such as http://www.photosync-app.com/

Or you could email the photo to yourself and save the photo: http://www.wikihow.com/Save-Pictures-from-Emails-on-an-iPhone

I followed the link above to sync photos from your computer to your iOS device. Once there I followed the instructions to sync with apps like photos. The problem I'm having is that once I choose my iPhone from the iTunes page, then go to photos, everything on that page is greyed out and I can't select anything. I am not using iCloud photo storage. I would really appreciate some help.

The majority of that page is normally gray until you place a check mark in front of "Sync Photos" near the top left of the page. See step 6 of the first section of the link.

Thank you. I still didn't have that choice on my screen. I opened iTunes in the full screen mode and finally the sync box showed up on the page.