So far I've been able to find two things that work at least in part — enough to keep CDs usable:
1) CHANGE THE COM.APPLE.BOOT.PLIST FILE. I haven't been able to follow drwilczur's procedure exactly, but as far as I was able to do it, it helped. I got it to work, but only temporarily. Every few hours a reboot was needed to refresh it.
2) REINSTALL OS 10.11.1. This has turned out to be easy. It does have the drawback, though, that you have to be content with rejecting newer OS updates till the issue gets fixed.
METHOD 1:
CHANGE THE COM.APPLE.BOOT.PLIST FILE. As drwilczur says, "to manipulate the system, you must be 'root' user." Like others, I don't know how to do this. However, I too found a quick and dirty way. Like kaolive (above) I booted from an external drive and logged in as an administrator. However, I didn't need Terminal.app. I just changed it with a text editor. (It was not even necessary to disable system integrity protection.) As I said, this has worked in part.
A reason this was so easy to do for me may be that the drive I booted from was a duplicate (clone). The user account was the same on both drives.
A strange thing, though, is that after turning to the second method and reinstalling OS 10.11.1, I got a new pristine com.apple.Boot.plist file without drwilczur's change. CDs now work perfectly with this file as is (under OS 10.11.1).
METHOD 2:
REINSTALL OS 10.11.1. I did this by copying the Install OS 10 app to my Applications folder and just running it. After the install was finished I ran the OS 10.11.1 updater. (I downloaded this from Apple.)
Since doing this a few weeks ago I have had no more issues with CDs.
MORE ON CHANGING THE COM.APPLE.BOOT.PLIST FILE
Discs mounted with no problems after I did this. However, after some hours the OS seems to get amnesia. It would fail to see a new disc that I inserted. A restart reliably removed the amnesia (but again, only for some hours more).
I ripped CDs to MP3 in iTunes for a week with this fix. Apart from the restart thing, it was completely reliable.
MORE ON THE NATURE OF THE CD PROBLEM
As for the disc problem itself, I've noticed these features of it:
- I would insert a disc and nothing happened. The Finder behaved as though nothing was inserted.
- The eject key did nothing.
- iTunes acted as though there was no disc inserted. The eject command in iTunes did nothing.
- Disk Utility showed a spinning wheel on launch and said, "Loading disks". No discs ever loaded and the wheel never stopped. However, Disk Utility would quit normally.
- Roxio Toast was the exception. It always saw the disc and could work with it and eject it.
- A clean install has been mooted in https://discussions.apple.com/thread/7410790. This would involve restarting from the recovery partition to do it. No-one has confirmed that this works, though. People have confirmed that other ways of fixing the OS don't work.
- The 11.11.2 update has been fingered as the culprit (https://discussions.apple.com/thread/7410790). In my case, I used the combo 11.11.2 update, downloaded from Apple. Even after that I had the same problem.
- The problem was still there for me with the 11.11.3 update (again using the combo updater).