I installed the recent El Capitan update (10.11.3) and it bricked my machine (the login screen comes up just fine, but right after logging in, the progress spinner goes on forever with nothing happening). I tried resetting PRAM, SMC, removing hardware components to isolate problems, etc. No effect. I even reinstalled El Capitan via my recovery partition, which still did nothing because it just reinstalled on top of the existing OS (a clean install would very likely fix the problem but I wanted to avoid that). But then I started looking around at the logs (/Library/Logs and ~/Library/Logs) and noticed crashes related to mdworker and lsd (/usr/libexec/lsd).
Searching the web for mentions of the lsd (launch services daemon) problem brought me to this thread: What is happening with the LSD and repeated crash?
That thread mentions deleting part of the /var/folders cache. So, from another machine on my network, I used Terminal to navigate to the bricked computer's file system. I copied the contents of /var/folders to a backup directory. Then I used "rm -rf" to delete everything under /var/folders. Some files could not be deleted, but most were removed. When I rebooted and attempted the login again, it was successful and everything is happy once more.
So my best guess is some messed up cache file was blocking the login process somehow. Here is what /var/folders had under it:
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.dock.launchpad/db/db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.dock.launchpad/db/db-shm
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.dock.launchpad/db/db-wal
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.LaunchServices-134501.csstore
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.notificationcenter/db/db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.notificationcenter/db/db-shm
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.notificationcenter/db/db-wal
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/0/com.apple.pluginkit/Annotations
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.geod/mds/mds.lock
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.geod/mds/mdsDirectory.db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.geod/mds/mdsObject.db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/exclusi ve
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/index.s qlite
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/index.s qlite-shm
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/index.s qlite-wal
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/thumbna ils.data
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.QuickLook.thumbnailcache/thumbna ils.fraghandler
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.sandbox/sandbox-cache.db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.sandbox/sandbox-cache.db-shm
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.sandbox/sandbox-cache.db-wal
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/com.apple.scriptmanager2.le.cache
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/mds/mds.lock
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/mds/mdsDirectory.db
./4v/w2bx3d55209d34ntq7nq01hm0000gn/C/mds/mdsObject.db_
./zz/zyxvpxvq6csfxvn_n0000000000000/0/com.apple.LaunchServices-1340.csstore
./zz/zyxvpxvq6csfxvn_n0000000000000/Cleanup At Startup/com.apple.backupd.filechecklist
./zz/zyxvpxvq6csfxvn_n0000000000000/Cleanup At Startup/mds.runonce
There's some stuff there (mds and LaunchServices) related to the crash reports in my Logs directories.