I have now temporarily solved this problem by installing MagicPrefs, which gives me the ability to turn off one-finger scrolling and replace it with two-finger scrolling, meaning that scrolling from now on requires two fingers on the mouse.
Any accidental scrolling of the kind I mentioned, or in any other app, is blocked. With this solution, I'm spared all the frustration and time lost on trying to get back to where I was in InDesign and similar after being totally swept away just because my finger slid a fraction of a millimeter over the mouse surface.
The downside is that inertial scrolling is also disabled, but the more I work without it, the more I realise that it's kind of nice to have a bit more control of the way things scroll. Inertial scrolling gives you an impression of swiftness, but to be honest, it also makes it a bit difficult to control exactly where to end up after scrolling.
I'll keep using MagicPrefs until Apple adds the same functionality to their own mouse preference pane. And yes, I have asked them to implement it. But knowing Apple, I'd say that it'll take a decade or so if it happens at all.