I had the same problem. Safe mode, Disk Utility repair in Recovery Mode, and Reinstall did not work. I have been traveling and have no access to backups to do a restore.
As I poked around I noticed that over time document folders were missing files and subfolders -- but they appeared eventually if I waited long enough and were later immediately visible when the enclosing folder was opened. That suggested a directory-level problem, which was supported by the applications being visible in another user account.
I solved the problem by copying the Disk Utility app from the user account on my computer and ran it in the original corrupt account. Immediately Disk Utility's window showed the correct file size for apps, photos, music, videos that had been zero. Opening my Applications folder I found all of the apps were now visible, where previously there had just been an empty Utilities folder. Apps opened and ran correctly.
My dock icons were still showing as something like textedit sheets, but opening each app in the dock, including those that had no icon at all, restored the icons.
I am wondering whether the problem is related to how permissions are handled in El Capitan, and the upgrade to 10.11.1 messed up access to the user account files.