Can't Submit Podcast - Cover Art Issue

I'm afraid I can't make much sense of this. The 'itunes:new-feed-url' tag in the original feed is in the wrong place - it should be after the 'channel' tag - but it did work and attempting to subscribe in iTunes to that feed redirects to the Feedburner feed, as it should. Doing this should not have resulted in the removal of the podcast from the Store, and I have no idea why this has happened. The image appears to be OK and meets all parameters.

I should try getting Support to reinstate the original feed. Go to https://itunespodcasts.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new and click the disclosure triangle at the right of the 'Choose a topic' field - choose 'Re-activate feed' and proceed from there. Give them the Store page URL of this feed when it was in the Store (it was in the acceptance email you received when you originally submitted it) and the URL of the original feed.

If they do reinstate this, then the redirection tag will redirect the Store and any subscribers to the Feedburner feed.

It occurred to me to take another look at the feed and I think I've found a possible reason why it was removed from the Store. The overall 'itunes:summary' and 'itunes:subtitle' tags for the overall podcast, and the 'itunes:summary' tags for the episodes contain strong language, albeit disguised by the use of asterisks.

You are not allowed strong language in descriptions, titles or subtitles even when your podcast is flagged as 'explicit', because people can see these immediately whereas they can avoid the actual contents if warned. It looks as if even asterisked versions may not be acceptable either, though I can't say for certain - it is quite obvious what the words are. I suggest you remove them before proceeding.