How do I locate and download the current version of safari browser; I do not want to update my operating system (currently 10.7.5), I just want the latest safari

You can't. Safari is part of OS X. So the only way to upgrade is to upgrade the operating system.

You cannot since Safari comes with OS X.

The last version of Safari for Lion is 6.1.6. If you're using a version older than that, check the Mac App Store and the Software Update pane of System Preferences for updates.

Safari 9 requires Mavericks or newer.

(136650)

As others have said, you can't get the latest version of Safari without upgrading your OS. Since you said you don't want to do that, your only other option is to use another browser, preferably Firefox.