Hi, I'm having this same issue with Windows 10 not booting after adding a FAT32 partition to be used as a shared drive between Windows and OSX. I disabled SIP and created the hybrid MBR described above, after which tests 1-3 did not work, but test 4 does. I created a Windows installation USB drive with a friend's computer and am able to access the repair tools at startup. The results of bootrec/rebuildbcd were the same as above, however I'm stuck at assigning a letter to the EFI partition as it does not show up when using Windows diskpart.
Below are my results for diskutil list, diskutil cs list, sudo gpt -vv -r show /dev/disk0, and sudo fdisk /dev/disk0.
Any direction you provide would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks in advance!

$ diskutil list
/dev/disk0 (internal, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: GUID_partition_scheme *500.3 GB disk0
1: EFI EFI 209.7 MB disk0s1
2: Apple_CoreStorage Macintosh HD 275.4 GB disk0s2
3: Apple_Boot Recovery HD 650.1 MB disk0s3
4: Microsoft Basic Data SHARED 48.9 GB disk0s4
5: Microsoft Basic Data BOOTCAMP 175.1 GB disk0s5
/dev/disk1 (internal, virtual):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: Apple_HFS Macintosh HD +275.0 GB disk1
Logical Volume on disk0s2
51A357D4-5496-4E2C-B59A-771968A2AE74
Unlocked Encrypted
/dev/disk2 (external, physical):
#: TYPE NAME SIZE IDENTIFIER
0: FDisk_partition_scheme *30.8 GB disk2
1: Windows_FAT_32 ESD-USB 30.8 GB disk2s1
$ diskutil cs list
CoreStorage logical volume groups (1 found)
|
+-- Logical Volume Group C9F3F01E-443A-4D4C-998D-A653B1AAD324
=========================================================
Name: Macintosh HD
Status: Online
Size: 275363176448 B (275.4 GB)
Free Space: 10919936 B (10.9 MB)
|
+-< Physical Volume 6ACD58BB-73C0-49F5-9B2E-83C695CBB1EE
| ----------------------------------------------------
| Index: 0
| Disk: disk0s2
| Status: Online
| Size: 275363176448 B (275.4 GB)
|
+-> Logical Volume Family C01AFF4E-BE06-405B-984F-43DAEBE7B701
----------------------------------------------------------
Encryption Type: AES-XTS
Encryption Status: Unlocked
Conversion Status: Complete
High Level Queries: Fully Secure
| Passphrase Required
| Accepts New Users
| Has Visible Users
| Has Volume Key
|
+-> Logical Volume 51A357D4-5496-4E2C-B59A-771968A2AE74
---------------------------------------------------
Disk: disk1
Status: Online
Size (Total): 274999934976 B (275.0 GB)
Revertible: Yes (unlock and decryption required)
LV Name: Macintosh HD
Volume Name: Macintosh HD
Content Hint: Apple_HFS
$ sudo gpt -vv -r show /dev/disk0
Password:
gpt show: /dev/disk0: mediasize=500277790720; sectorsize=512; blocks=977105060
gpt show: /dev/disk0: Suspicious MBR at sector 0
gpt show: /dev/disk0: Pri GPT at sector 1
gpt show: /dev/disk0: Sec GPT at sector 977105059
start size index contents
0 1 MBR
1 1 Pri GPT header
2 32 Pri GPT table
34 6
40 409600 1 GPT part - C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
409640 537818704 2 GPT part - 53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
538228344 1269760 3 GPT part - 426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
539498104 95441288 4 GPT part - EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
634939392 262144
635201536 341903360 5 GPT part - EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
977104896 131
977105027 32 Sec GPT table
977105059 1 Sec GPT header
$ sudo fdisk /dev/disk0
Disk: /dev/disk0 geometry: 60821/255/63 [977105060 sectors]
Signature: 0xAA55
Starting Ending
#: id cyl hd sec - cyl hd sec [ start - size]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: EE 0 0 2 - 1023 254 63 [ 1 - 538228343] <Unknown ID>
2: AB 1023 254 63 - 1023 254 63 [ 538228344 - 1269760] Darwin Boot
3: 07 1023 254 63 - 1023 254 63 [ 539498104 - 95441288] HPFS/QNX/AUX
*4: 07 1023 254 63 - 1023 254 63 [ 635201536 - 341903360] HPFS/QNX/AUX