ThunderBolt or USB-3 or eSATA-II or III or Firewire-800 will all give you speeds that do not substantially limit the fastest data rate of a good 7200 RPM rotating hard drive. [which is a burst of data at about 125MBytes/sec, not sustainable.] That was the "standard" until recently.
The reason for walking away from SATA was that certain SSD drives can now go much faster, and SATA-III limits the maximum data rate possible. SATA-III is 6G bits/sec, or 750Mega Bytes/sec, now do-able (at this writing) mostly by fast Samsung SSDs. [SATA-II about 375 Mbytes/sec.]
There is no requirement to go faster, except your own expectations.
As users installing Mac OS X from a USB-stick can attest, it works from USB-2, but is slow.