If you choose to sync iBooks with the cloud, then all your books and pdfs will be transferred there from all your devices, including your computer. Any iBooks purchased from the iBooks Store will be the only books that apparently remain on your computer and will show in iTunes. This, of course, results in the copies being actually deleted from your devices upon sync, with the exception of those books purchased from the Apple Store.
To see your books that are now stored in the Cloud, you need to make sure that the option "Hide iCloud Books" is not ticked. Then, you will see your iBooks which you can download to your device all over again. Apparently Apple's engineers can't fathom that if you decided to have that data on your device you might actually WANT it to be there, but instead make the command decision to delete your data and put it all in the cloud... because of course everyone has access to the internet all the time...
To fix this, you can either go through every one of your now uploaded and deleted iBooks and press the cloud icon with the blue arrow to re-download the iBook (I had 8.5 GB consisting of over 2000 books... so imagine how long that would take) - or, if you have been backing up to a Time Capsule or some other device you can restore your books through the following method:
1.) Go to System Preferences on your computer and open iCloud. Click on "Options" next to iCloud Drive and deselect iBooks.
2.) Go to Users/Library/Containers and find the folder com.apple.BKAgentService and the folder com.apple.iBooksX. Copy these two folders to your desktop.
3.) Restore from your backup the above two folders.
4.) Open iBooks. Sign out of your account and sign back in. Your iBooks should be back on your computer and resynced through iTunes.
If you get an error message when trying to open a book that it can't be found, or all your books begin to disappear again when reopening iBooks on your computer, wait and let the app finish what it is doing. I found that it stalled my computer (and my internet connection out for some time), but it deleted and then restored the iBooks, but they were not in the manual order I had originally stored them in my collections. To fix this, I closed the program and copied the folder com.appl.iBooksX over again. When I reopened the app, everything was in place again.