If all your files are missing
You may have logged in as a different user, such as Guest. Please open the Users & Groups pane in System Preferences. Your name should be at the top of the user list, under Current User. See also this support article.
If files are missing from one folder
Please change the Finder view mode; for example, from icon view to list view, or vice versa.
If files are present, but seem outdated
You may have started up from a different volume (disk.) Please open the Startup Disk preference pane and check the selection.
If none of the above applies, see below.
This procedure will delete certain temporary and cache files. The files are automatically generated and don't contain any of your data. Occasionally they can become corrupt and cause problems such as yours.
Please back up all data.
Triple-click anywhere in the line below on this page to select it:
/var/folders
Right-click or control-click the highlighted line and select
Services ▹ Open
from the contextual menu.* A folder with the odd name "folders" should open.
Inside "folders" are several subfolders, each with a two-character name. Drag all the subfolders except the one named "zz" to the Trash. Don't delete the subfolder named "zz". You'll be prompted for your administrator login credentials.
Restart the computer and empty the Trash.
*If you don't see the contextual menu item, copy the selected text to the Clipboard by pressing the key combination command-C. In the Finder, select
Go ▹ Go to Folder...
from the menu bar and paste into the box that opens by pressing command-V. You may not see what you pasted because a line break is included. Press return.