Location services allows apps & websites to gather & use information based on the current location of your computer , you have to give your permission before an app or website can use your location data .
Your approx location is determined using info from local wi -fi networks & is collected by location services in a manner that doesn't personally identify you .
If you allow third party apps or websites to use your current location , you are subject to their terms & privacy policy & practises . you should review the apps or websites terms , privacy policy & practises to understand how they use your location & other information .
In the screen shots disable maps , weather , the arrows will vanish after 24 hours , for security reason location services is generally disabled . if the user wants to enable in iCloud at that time location services can be enabled & when the task is completed it should be disabled .
For example if user is using Facebook , twitter etc the user must avoid disclosing the location .
my answer for your question is totally different , in our system we have enabled location services it sometimes work or do not work .
As in screen shot of yours arrow heads are shown it means some third party app or web site is trying to locate your system .