Q: i have lost my phone and i want to recover some information and data using my icloud, how can i do that?

Here you can find out how to do this https://www.apple.com/support/icloud/find-my-iphone-ipad-ipod-mac/

Have you already taken all the steps described in this document?

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201472

If your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch is lost or stolen - Apple Support

To access all data that are still in iCloud, log into www.icloud.com with the same AppleID you used for your iPhone, and then use the applications on this web interface to iCloud to download and save the data.

As soon as you get a new iPhone, you can restore the iPhone from the last iCloud backup you made, but if you enabled iClud for your mail, contacts, calendars, photos, etc, you can access the directly at  www.icloud.com.

Which iCloud services did you enable?