Personally, I delete incremental backups all the time while beta testing new operating systems, and have never had an issue with a "broken chain" in Time Machine. Can't tell you why that is, only know what I see.
In eight years on the forum I've never seen a post from a user with an issue or complaint about a "broken chain". So, the hypothetical issue that you ask about likely does not exist.
Apple has not published any detailed documentation that would explain exactly how Time Machine does what it does. If you find another article that might explain the inner workings of Time Machine, please post back to share.