Hi,
Thanks for the help. Let me answer some of your questions.
I did a screenshot with Disk Speed Test. One is for the SSD, the other is for the Time Capsule. It looks normal to me.

The processor load and memory are normal. There is hardly anything running. For memory, 6GB are used out of 8 GB. Cached files is 1.9GB and Swap 570MB.
I did an upgrade for El Capitan. It was not the original OS and I did not reinstall from scratch.
NVRAM/SMC: I will try that.
Error messages: there are actually several error messages, although I don't know if this is significant or not. These are the first 3 errors that show up after the backup starts:
| 8/22/16 8:17:12.000 PM kernel[0]: 0xffffff803b3c9000 | [59953|0] backupd async. scan: #'/Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/Mac Pro 13/2016-08-22-200001/Macintosh HD/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/643/com.apple.documentVersions/01AAEAF1-8 3ED-4BD9-9DF9-FC1B193FB9C3.pdf' act=0x02000000 errn:35 rsn='ETYP1' ln='1642' |
8/22/16 8:17:15.000 PM kernel[0]: /BuildRoot/Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/AppleFSCompression_kexts/AppleF SCompression-81.20.2/Compressors/Dataless/compressorType5Kext.c:545: Error: post_request error for /Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/Mac Pro 13/2016-08-22-201646.inProgress/F1EDB5E4-BE9B-4890-826A-2A32D75DEF68/Macintosh HD/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/643/com.apple.documentVersions/01AAEAF1-8 3ED-4BD9-9DF9-FC1B193FB9C3.pdf: 35
8/22/16 8:17:15.000 PM kernel[0]: decmpfs.c:1385:decmpfs_read_compressed: /Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/Mac Pro 13/2016-08-22-201646.inProgress/F1EDB5E4-BE9B-4890-826A-2A32D75DEF68/Macintosh HD/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/643/com.apple.documentVersions/01AAEAF1-8 3ED-4BD9-9DF9-FC1B193FB9C3.pdf: decmpfs_fetch_uncompressed_data err -35
There are pages of these messages (~10,000). Note that I recently deleted the backup files and recreated a completely new backup. This did not make a difference.
Here is another type of error that shows up later:
| 8/22/16 8:53:21.000 PM kernel[0]: 0xffffff803b3c9000 | [68|501] mds async. scan: #'/Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/Mac Pro 13/2016-08-22-201646.inProgress/F1EDB5E4-BE9B-4890-826A-2A32D75DEF68/Macintosh HD/Users/[...]/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/Profile 8/Local Storage/https_discussions.apple.com_0.localstorage-journal' act=0x00000002 errn:0 rsn='ETYP1' ln='1620' |
Pages of those (edited to remove my name). Note it's mds vs backupd for the previous one. Last error message for that backup:
8/22/16 9:16:23.000 PM kernel[0]: decmpfs.c:1385:decmpfs_read_compressed: /Volumes/Time Machine Backups/Backups.backupdb/Mac Pro 13/2016-08-22-200001/Macintosh HD/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/643/com.apple.documentVersions/82DAB764-3 276-4CB1-862D-08FB768C10C5.pdf: decmpfs_fetch_uncompressed_data err -35
Note the start time:
8/22/16 8:16:04.258 PM com.apple.backupd[59953]: Starting automatic backup
and the amount of data that required backup
8/22/16 8:16:49.614 PM com.apple.backupd[59953]: Will copy (78.5 MB) from Macintosh HD
8/22/16 8:16:49.617 PM com.apple.backupd[59953]: Found 253 files (78.5 MB) needing backup
8/22/16 8:16:49.625 PM com.apple.backupd[59953]: 9.17 GB required (including padding), 1.62 TB available
78MB took about 1 hour.