Q: iphone damaged

transfer it from where?

You can only restore from the last backup that you have.

if the device no longer functions your data is only as good as the last backup made. otherwise if the phone is damaged the data is no longer extractable by traditional methods. You would need to seek out a data forensics service and see what the charge would be. Apple does not provide such a service to the best of my knowledge.

If it stopped working, there is no way to recover anything from it now.

No. If the old phone isn't working, there is no way to get the data off it. Anything that wasn't already backed up or synced to the cloud is gone.

The iPhone does not store anything at all on the SIM.