Hard Drive Corrupted? Can't Reinstall

Problem

I'm running a MacBook Pro with a 750gb hard drive partitioned into a 500gb OS X and a 250gb Windows 7 bootcamp. Recently I forced a shutdown while the OS X was starting up (I know, stupid move) and rebooted into my Windows partition. When I restarted to switch back to OS X, the apple logo came up with a small loading bar underneath it. The bar loads very slowly, and somewhere near the end the computer shuts down.

Attempted Solutions

I booted in safe mode, but it had no effect. I booted in recovery mode to try to run diagnostics on the hard drive, but when I open disk utility it endlessly attempts to load the disks without ever coming up with anything. I then reset the PRAM, but it still had no effect. Strangely enough, I can access all the files on my OS X partition from my bootcamp, which still works perfectly fine. Because I can back everything up fairly easily, I figured the best thing to do was to just reinstall OS X on that partition, resetting all the data, etc. When I pull up the "Reinstall OS X" window in recovery mode, however, my OS X hard drive does not come up as an option for reinstalling OS X, only my bootcamp drive. When I restart my computer holding down "alt" to choose a drive, what used to be "Macintosh HD" is now "EFI boot." My recovery drive has all the same symptoms.

Does anyone have a similar problem or know of a way to reset my OS X drive?