I've been having this same issue intermittently for the last few months. It just came back this morning with a Numbers spreadsheet that I just created on my Mac, and then it's "can't be opened for some reason" on my iPad or iPhone. It says to restore it to a previous version, but when I try this it says it can't connect to iCloud. It is connecting to iCloud just fine for other files and all my other iCloud functions.
I just filed a ticket with Apple on this.
Then, I tried something different. Instead of opening up Numbers on my iOS device and choosing the file there, I went over to the iCloud app in my iPad, and then navigated through my folders that I have on iCloud Drive, and selected it there. And you guessed it, it popped open just fine in Numbers on the iPad. I tried the same thing on my iPhone, and this also worked there. There is definitely a glitch here.