You have to delete and re-add your Exchange account, except when re-adding it, specify a correct server name but provide false info for the other fields. So for example, enter the server name as normal but then put the letter "a" in the other fields. When you click next it will ask if you want to continue instead of just details or cancel, and then it'll say it cannot verify Exchange details, at which point click OK and enter the correct info in all fields, then click next and save, and voila Exchange should be working again.
I had that headache myself when we changed the self-signed certificate on our Exchange server. Very annoying bug (or feature) that Apple introduced in iOS 10. In iOS 9 and below, any changes in certificates prompts you to continue as normal without having to do the above.
Why Apple???