None of the provided Solutions worked for me, but I got it working either way using a slightly different Approach.
This has been tested twice with both an iPhone 5s and an iPad Air (don't know the Revision) running iOS 10.2
First off, delete all Exchange-related Certificates off of your iDevice.
Then export your Domains root-CA's certificate(s), which is used to establish the Domain trust.
Send yourself an E-Mail containing the certificate(s) and make sure to Import it/them from within the mail app. (this is crucial)
Afterwards you can re-add your Exchange-Account and it will give you the Option to trust the Connection, because now the CA is known and trusted by your device.
I hope this helps. I was also struggling with this issue since October and stumbled upon this solution by complete accident at work.
Regards,