Almost, but not quite. The Anker (and other power sources) are not "chargers." They are a source of 5 volts at some current limit. The charger is in the phone, and it draws whatever current the phone needs, up to the limit of the power source. Thus, there is no benefit to using an adapter that supplies more than 1.5 amps. One that supplies 100 amps would make no difference in charging time. If you want to use a single power source for both iPhone and iPad simply use the one that comes with the iPad.
As to why Apple includes the cube rather than an iPad adapter with the phone, there's no way of knowing. Other than the fact that the phone would need a larger box to include the iPad adapter, and the iPad adapter is bulkier to carry. And it only makes about 15 minute's difference. An iPhone will charge with the cube in about 2 3/4 hours, or 2 1/2 with the iPad adapter.
The best way to charge an iPhone or iPad it to charge it overnight, every night. In this scenario the time to charge is irrelevant.