Hi Chris, many thanks for the hints!
- I use an AppleScript to count my Calendar entries in my main iCloud account. It is currently 15,500 entries since Jan 2011. Older events have been moved into a secondary account that is NOT synced to the iPhone but used on my three Macs. (I do this since a few years after I did hit the 25,000 entries limit that Apple had set at that time. I just checked Limits for iCloud Contacts, Calendars, Reminders, and Bookmarks - Apple Support and found that the limit has been lifted to 50,000.)
- The 15,500 events are split over 10 individual Calendars. These are shared in part with my co-workers and with family members. In addition, there are a few imported Calendars that are shared with the family, but these are imported from their iCloud accounts and not exported from mine.
- Since the "battery drain" problem is quite new, I guess that it must be a relatively recent entry that causes the trouble. This assumption is confirmed by the test that Tim suggested: batterie drain did happen over the last night after again deleting all Calendar data from the iPhone and allowing sync only for the last 2 weeks.
- I am using ONLY Apple software & servers for sync. No Outlook or other "external" stuff.
- Isolating the (sub-) Calendar that causes the trouble might really be the next step ... but maybe I try calling AppleSupport before I start this adventure.