Like you I could not find any documentation on how to do this for Mac clients. While you can configure the server side, and while the network switches etc. can match this the clients Mac and Windows have to be told to individually to use only the network ports that have been configured for QoS. Normally both the Mac and Windows clients use a large range of ports.
For Windows I believe this is done via a PowerShell command but of course this does not exist on a Mac.
My best suggestion would be to look at any Skype for Business plist files to see if they have any similar entries.
Sadly Microsoft have an appallingly bad and long history of very poorly 'porting' their Windows apps to the Mac and often according to widely held opinion deliberately cripple the Mac versions. While Adobe have copied many of Microsoft worst practices this at least is one Adobe are generally not guilty of.
I am not sure why they chose to use such a wide range of ports in the first place except to frustrate firewall rules. If they had stuck to a handful of well-defined ports then this problem would have never arisen.