I'm having the same issue... I got my AirPods last weekend and initially only used them for music, where the issue isn't happening. But once I started making phone calls (FaceTime, Skype, WhatsApp calls, Facebook Messenger calls...) there is a very obvious hiss / buzz / static / white noise that makes it very uncomfortable to use the AirPods to the point where I fall back to the EarPods (3.5mm ones) when making phone calls.
My assumption is that when playing music or watching videos etc, the AirPods are using the Bluetooth profile A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) which is higher quality. Then when making phone calls or anything else that uses the microphone, the AirPods switch to using HSP (Headset Profile) which is much lower quality. That's just my assumption though...I've also tested this with my MacBook Air, and it's the same result (good quality with music etc, and hissing noise when using FaceTime and other VoIP apps).
I'm also finding that the hissing stops when the other person is quiet, and then starts again when they are speaking or making noise.
I've called Apple Support UK and was advised to return my AirPods to buy new ones, however the lady lacked technical knowledge (she wasn't aware of bluetooth profiles etc.) so we didn't get very far in our conversation as her advice was things such as making sure I was close to my phone...