Got it! I wil try to tell you what I did.
I closed outlook (after removing any iCloud folders or data files). A iCloud data file I create was empty and could not be opened, per an earlier error message.
Next, I uninstalled iCloud for Windows in Programs and Features, then 'CHANGE' will open the iCloud for Windows' uninstaller or repair. Uninstall. Repairs hasn't worked for me after 5 to 7 tries.
Be careful answering any questions and warning about lost of files. Do a backup if you want to be safe. That's of your iCloud files and connected Photos.
Next, restart the system.
Once the desktop is back;
The installer may show up asking to install iCloud. I did mine from a fresh new download from the Apple Support page for iCloud for Windows.
Allow this thing to work on its own. There are slow points when you may think nothing it going to happen.
There are several steps that will need you to affirm and then when the iCloud Control Panel (that is what this thing is called in some places) opens. Leave it alone as it will do the transaction to apply the 'Mail, Contact, Calendar, etc"' link you will see at the top of the iCloud Control panel.
I am tired but either before or after this the iCloud app will go get your data from the iCloud account, and you will see it by through 7 syeps of syncing - downloading and uploading each of these data areas.
You may get the message at this point that iCloud for Outlook is installed and ready.
Do this before you close the iCloud Contral panel:
Mark as you want the Photo Options buttons and select how you want your photos stored, uploaded, etc. You may need to point to a shared folder and or Photo Library or My Photos folder. If you have had iCloud Photo set up or iCloud for Windows running before, the options may be as you last had these area set.
Now, waiting a few seconds or so, then hit apply. You should have the Outlook showing all the components. The hit APPLY and once that settles, closed to control panel.
Now, open your Outlook and see if your have an 'iCloud' folder in your pane. See that when you open the Contacts or Calendar you see the iCloud listed along with any offline calendars, etc.
I rename my iCloud 'Contacts' Primary in the desktop here and my phone and iPad. Same with my calendar.
anyway,
if this does not work it is because one little step was missed or you have a corrupted iCloud and need a clean download.
Note: you cannot add an iCloud data file directly into Outlook. iCloud for Windows must do this for you. At some point I got that warning and I think it is mentioned on the help page you posted a link to.
I hope this helps. It has taken me over 8 hours to get this working. I am a little punch drink now.
OH, in the OPTION, go to Add ins and see that iCloud App is there and active. Success!