About all you can do is look for mount and unmount log entries. Such as these for a flash drive I have named as 32 GB Flash.
4/24/17 11:58:57.000 AM kernel[0]: hfs: mounted 32 GB Flash on device disk3s2
4/24/17 11:59:21.000 AM kernel[0]: hfs: unmount initiated on 32 GB Flash on device disk3s2
There were some other items in between these, but nothing to do with the file I copied to the drive. So while you can look for a device that was mounted and unmounted with time stamps that don't coincide with when you were using your Mac, the logs don't appear to make any note of a file action, much less file names.