Not on an iPhone (or iPad), and most specifically not on any iPhone since the 5s. Apple uses a secure enclave system developed by them - it ties complete on-device data encryption to your screen lock passcode and/or fingerprint, the cpu/gpu, and other hardware IDs of key internal components.
If someone did as you suggest, all they would have is strongly encrypted gibberish. Nothing human readable. Basically, once an iOS device is set up and a screen passcode set, the data on it is encrypted, and the keys to decrypt it require that device be intact and functional. You need the intact original hardware, and the screen lock passcode to decrypt the data.
This is why the FBI had to pay nearly $1M USD to get into an older iPhone 5. The enhancements since the iPhone 5 make even that expensive, proprietary and secret hack impossible. And even then, that was on an originally intact device - no damage or replaced parts, just a screen lock passcode that was keeping the FBI from seeing the data.
See https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdfl