Blank screen after typing password

Boot into the Recovery Drive by holding down Command R when restarting. It takes a bit for Recovery to mount so hold down the keys until you see the gray screen with the box in the middle.

Select Disk Utility and run First Aid on your Macintosh HD. If OK, then Under Utilities in the Menu bar, select Terminal.

Enter resetpassword. That's one word with no spaces. Then press return.

A Reset Password window opens.

Select your boot volume if not already selected.

Select your username from the menu labeled Select the user account if not already selected.

Follow the prompts to reset the password.

Restart under the Apple in the Menu bar. Can you log in now?

Do you have an external drive? If yes, you would need to install macOS on the external drive from recovery drive. While booted from the external you should be able to see the contents of your internal Macintosh HD. You can now copy (drag) over your data to the external.

After you have recovered your data, I would erase the internal and clone your data to the internal drive. You'll need to use either CCC or SuperDuper for this copy.

CCC http://www.bombich.com/download.html

SuperDuper! http://www.shirt-pocket.com/

Try booting into the Safe Mode to see if the same thing happens.

Safe Mode - About El Capitan
also Sierra

Safe Mode Startup – El Capitan. also Sierra

See if this helps.

Startup – Black screen with cursor