I'm having the same issue - very rapid battery drain - on an iPhone 6 with iOS 11.0. On 10.3.3 battery use was fine. Since upgrading i have not been able to use the phone off the charger. The battery just drains while I watch.
I've turned off all notification activity that I don't use - everything except phone and messages.
Turned off all use of location svcs except for the obvious system usages and find iphone and when using for weather and camera.
Turned off icloud for photos - it's always set on during upgrades it seems. Turned off icloud for mail, backup and anything else except notes, keychain, remnders, safari and calendar. I also have1Password using iCloud.
I've also got watch s0 paired with the iphone.
This is the configuration I have now after erasing all settings and data and starting from scratch. This last step was what I was told by tech support was the only option after trying everything else, and now that I've spent 3 hours doing the complete reset and setting the iphone 6 up in a completely minimal configuration. The battery draining is still there!!
There was absolutely no issue using the phone - leaving home, taking pictures and so on before upgrading. Now I have a pretty useless piece of tech. I'm accustomed to all of the issues surrounding defaults needing to be reset and indexing activity (btw I turned off anything having to do with search and siri which I never use) and so on during upgrades. This is atypical, abnormal, aberrant behaviour.