I have the exact same issue with a late 2016 27-inch iMac with 1TB SSD. I've tried disk utility repairs both in Sierra, while in the High Sierra installer, and by booting into recovery mode. I've also re-downloaded the installer several times. I had no issues upgrading on my older iMac, 15-inch Macbook pro with touchbar, or VMs.
Relevant snippet from the logs:
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: The volume 3AC2B122-F459-4D4D-9D57-6FD3735A61C8 appears to be OK
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname diskmanagementd[562]: diskmanagement: rawLaunch_block_invoke: waitpid(2) pid=586 ret/errno=586/35 status=0x00000000 exit=0
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Storage system check exit code is 0.
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Repairing file system.
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname diskmanagementd[562]: diskmanagement: [DMToolMountMisc _DAOperation_performsync_:disk:options:mountpoint:arguments:asEUID:asEGID:timeo utSec:dissenter:dissenterPID:]: [un]mount failed: err=-69888 un0mt1=0 timeout=0 dissenter=1 dissenterpid=0 dissenterstatus=49168=0xc010
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Volume could not be unmounted.
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Restoring the original state found as mounted.
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Disk repair retry failed too many times. Will hard fail.
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Clearing automation and attempting to rebless. source volume: SKCSDisk { CSLV UUID: F9058AC2-96C9-44DA-8889-926055B945FF CSLVG UUID: 3AC2B122-F459-4D4D-9D57-6FD3735A61C8 BSD Name: disk1 Mount point: /Volumes/Macintosh HD Role: kSKDiskRoleMacSystem Type: kSKDiskTypeCSLV } rebless: 8B9F5F16-6CFA-3E48-ACAA-4EF7ADC213B5
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: OSIInstallElement <OSIRepairDiskElement: 0x7f9e55ba1300> errored out:Error Domain=com.apple.DiskManagement Code=-69673 "Unable to unmount volume for repair." UserInfo={NSLocalizedDescription=Unable to unmount volume for repair.}
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname storagekitd[561]: storagekitd: copyDiskForPath returned nil, error: -69808
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname storagekitd[561]: storagekitd: copyDiskForPath returned nil, error: -69878
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: ------- Install Failed -------
Sep 27 15:32:48 Hostname OSInstaller[560]: Operation: Verify and repair disk failed, Failure Reason: Error Domain=com.apple.DiskManagement Code=-69673 "Unable to unmount volume for repair." UserInfo={NSLocalizedDescription=Unable to unmount volume for repair.}