The Finder and UNIX Terminal (Bash shell) are entirely different navigation metaphors, and certainly do not make macOS a weak operating system. The lack of knowledge on how to effectively use either environment can be a weakness however.
The back-arrow button in the Finder will consistently move you up one folder level for each click until you reach your home directory. This is normal Finder behavior, and matches the behavior of "cd .." in the Terminal.
if you want a non-contiguous jump, you click and hold on the back-arrow button to display the folder hierarchy that provides a list of folders back to your home directory. This will not show your current folder location, but the next higher location. Click an item on this list to go directly to that location. A parallel is the Path button on the Finder Window Toolbar that does show your current location.